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Comments: The Budapest Memorandum was signed by Russia after the West (US Secretary of State James Baker and German Foreign Minister Dietrich Genscher) publicly promised Gorbachev that in exchange for the Soviet Union’s consent to the reunification of Germany, NATO “will not move even one inch eastward”. NATO broke this promise and Russians, in an effort to keep the existing balance of power, abandoned the Budapest Memorandum. These two obligations were conditional, one was enabling the other.

Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty applies only to states-members of NATO and only when they are attacked by a non-NATO adversary. Ukraine is not a member of NATO and, if for example Poland (a NATO member) officially enters the war against Russia, it will not be “attacked by Russia”, instead, it will become an aggressor and Russia will have the right to defend itself. In both cases Art.5 does not apply.